Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Handwritten Notes

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Handwritten Notes

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Molecular Basis of Inheritance Ncert Summary

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance” elucidates the fundamental mechanisms underlying the storage, replication, and expression of genetic information in living organisms.

This concept encompasses intricate processes occurring at the molecular level within cells, governing heredity, genetic diversity, and evolution. Here, we delve into its key components:

DNA Structure and Function:

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): DNA is the molecule housing genetic information in all cellular organisms.
• Composition: DNA comprises nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Double Helix Structure: Nucleotides arrange in a double helix, where two complementary strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between base pairs (A-T, C-G).
• Genetic Encoding: The sequence of bases along DNA encodes genetic information, determining organismal traits and characteristics.

DNA Replication:

• Semi-Conservative Replication: Before cell division, DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner. Each parental DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.
• Enzymatic Activity: Enzymes like DNA helicase unwind the double helix, while DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to daughter strands following base-pairing rules.
• Result: DNA replication yields two identical DNA molecules, each comprising one original parental strand and one newly synthesized daughter strand.

Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis:

• Transcription: Genetic information in DNA transcribes into messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription. RNA polymerase catalyzes mRNA synthesis by base pairing with the DNA template.
• Translation: mRNA carries genetic code to the cytoplasm, serving as a template for protein synthesis in translation. Transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome, where they form a polypeptide chain based on mRNA codons.

Gene Regulation:

• Regulation of Gene Expression: Not all genes are active at all times. Gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure proper development, growth, and response to environmental changes.
• Control Mechanisms: Regulatory proteins and non-coding RNAs influence DNA accessibility to transcription factors and RNA polymerase, regulating gene expression.
• Epigenetic Modifications: DNA methylation and histone acetylation modify chromatin structure, affecting gene accessibility and regulation.

Understanding the Molecular Basis of Inheritance is pivotal for unraveling genetic complexities, evolution, and mechanisms underlying genetic disorders and diseases.

It forms the basis for advancements in biotechnology, genetic engineering, personalized medicine, and various other fields.

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